Homeschooling
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Homeschooling or homeschool (also called home education or home learning ) is the education of children at home, typically by parents but sometimes by tutors , rather than in other formal settings of public or private school . Homeschooling atau homeschooling (juga disebut rumah pendidikan atau pembelajaran rumah) adalah pendidikan anak-anak di rumah, biasanya oleh orang tua tapi kadang-kadang oleh tutor , bukan di pengaturan formal lainnya umum atau sekolah swasta . Although prior to the introduction of compulsory school attendance laws , most childhood education occurred within the family or community, [ 1 ] homeschooling in the modern sense is an alternative in developed countries to private schools outside the home or educational institutions operated by civil governments. Walaupun sebelum pengenalan hukum kehadiran di sekolah wajib , pendidikan anak usia paling terjadi dalam keluarga atau komunitas, [1] homeschooling dalam pengertian modern adalah sebuah alternatif dalam negara-negara maju untuk sekolah-sekolah swasta di luar rumah atau lembaga pendidikan yang dioperasikan oleh pemerintah sipil. Homeschooling is a legal option for parents in most countries to provide their children with a learning environment as an alternative to public or private schools outside the home. Homeschooling adalah pilihan hukum untuk orang tua di kebanyakan negara untuk memberikan anak-anak mereka dengan lingkungan belajar sebagai alternatif sekolah negeri atau swasta di luar rumah. Parents cite numerous reasons as motivations to homeschool, including better academic test results , a better teacher to student ratio, to help the public system with less kids, more hands on environments, poor public school environment, religious reasons, improved character/morality development, the expense of private education, and objections to what is taught locally in public school. Orangtua mengutip berbagai alasan sebagai motivasi untuk homeschool, termasuk yang lebih baik hasil tes akademik , guru yang lebih baik terhadap siswa, untuk membantu sistem publik dengan anak-anak kurang, tangan lebih lanjut tentang lingkungan, sekolah lingkungan masyarakat miskin, alasan agama, karakter ditingkatkan / pengembangan moralitas, biaya pendidikan swasta, dan keberatan terhadap apa yang diajarkan secara lokal di sekolah umum. It may be a factor in the choice of parenting style . Ini mungkin menjadi faktor dalam memilih gaya pengasuhan . Homeschooling is also an alternative for families living in isolated rural locations, living temporarily abroad, and to allow for more traveling. Homeschooling juga merupakan alternatif bagi keluarga yang tinggal di lokasi pedesaan terpencil, tinggal sementara di luar negeri, dan untuk memungkinkan lebih banyak bepergian.
Homeschooling may also refer to instruction in the home under the supervision of correspondence schools or umbrella schools . Homeschooling juga dapat merujuk ke instruksi di rumah di bawah pengawasan sekolah korespondensi atau sekolah payung . In some places, an approved curriculum is legally required if children are to be home-schooled. [ 2 ] A curriculum-free philosophy of homeschooling may be called unschooling , a term coined in 1977 by American educator and author John Holt in his magazine Growing Without Schooling . Di beberapa tempat, yang disetujui kurikulum secara hukum diperlukan jika anak-anak harus home schooling. [2] A-bebas filosofi kurikulum homeschooling dapat disebut unschooling , sebuah istilah yang diciptakan pada tahun 1977 oleh pendidik Amerika dan penulis John Holt dalam majalahnya Tumbuh Tanpa Sekolah .
[ edit ] History [ sunting ] Sejarah
Frontispiece to Fireside Education , Samuel Griswold (Goodrich) . Terdepan untuk Api Unggun Pendidikan, Griswold Samuel (Goodrich) .
For much of history and in many cultures, enlisting professional teachers (whether as tutors or in a formal academic setting) was an option available only to a small elite. Untuk sebagian besar sejarah dan dalam banyak kebudayaan, mendaftar guru profesional (baik sebagai tutor atau dalam suasana akademis formal) adalah pilihan yang tersedia hanya untuk elit kecil. Thus, until relatively recently, the vast majority of people were educated by family members (especially during early childhood) [ 1 ] and in the fields or learning a trade. Dengan demikian, sampai baru-baru ini, sebagian besar orang dididik oleh anggota keluarga (khususnya selama anak usia dini) [1] dan di ladang atau belajar perdagangan. The earliest compulsory education in the West began in the late 17th century and early 18th century in the German states of Gotha , Calemberg and, particularly, Prussia . [ 3 ] However, even in the 18th century, the vast majority of people in Europe lacked formal schooling, which means they were homeschooled or received no education at all. [ 4 ] The same was also true for colonial America [ 5 ] and for the United States until the 1850s. [ 6 ] Formal schooling in a classroom setting has been the most common means of schooling throughout the world, especially in developed countries, since the early and mid 19th century. Paling awal wajib belajar di Barat dimulai pada akhir abad 17 dan awal abad 18 di negara Jerman Gotha , Calemberg dan, khususnya, Prusia . [3] Namun, bahkan di abad ke-18, sebagian besar orang di Eropa tidak memiliki pendidikan formal, yang berarti mereka belajar di rumah atau menerima pendidikan sama sekali. [4] Hal yang sama juga berlaku untuk Amerika kolonial [5] dan Amerika Serikat sampai tahun 1850-an. [6] sekolah formal di ruang kelas telah menjadi paling umum sarana sekolah di seluruh dunia, khususnya di negara maju, sejak abad ke-19 awal dan pertengahan. Native Americans, who traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship, vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States. [ 7 ] Penduduk asli Amerika, yang secara tradisional digunakan homeschooling dan magang, dengan penuh semangat menolak wajib belajar di Amerika Serikat. [7]
In 1964, John Caldwell Holt published a book entitled How Children Fail which criticized traditional schools of the time. Pada tahun 1964, John Caldwell Holt menerbitkan sebuah buku berjudul Bagaimana Gagal Anak-anak yang mengkritik sekolah-sekolah tradisional dari waktu. The book was based on a theory he had developed as a teacher – that the academic failure of schoolchildren was caused by pressure placed on children by adults. Buku itu didasarkan pada teori ia telah dikembangkan sebagai guru - bahwa kegagalan akademis anak sekolah disebabkan oleh tekanan ditempatkan pada anak-anak oleh orang dewasa. Holt began making appearances on major TV talk shows and writing book reviews for Life magazine. [ 8 ] In his follow-up work, How Children Learn , 1967, he tried to demonstrate the learning process of children and why he believed school short-circuits this process. Holt mulai membuat penampilan di utama acara talk show TV dan ulasan buku menulis untuk Life majalah. [8] Di-ke atas bekerja mengikuti, Cara Anak Belajar , 1967, ia mencoba untuk menunjukkan proses belajar anak-anak dan mengapa ia percaya sekolah sirkuit pendek proses ini.
In these books Holt had not suggested any alternative to institutional schooling; he had hoped to initiate a profound rethinking of education to make schools friendlier toward children. Dalam buku-buku Holt tidak menyarankan alternatif lain lembaga persekolahan, ia berharap untuk melakukan pemikiran ulang yang mendalam pendidikan untuk membuat sekolah ramah terhadap anak. As the years passed he became convinced that the way schools were was what society wanted, and that a serious re-examination was not going to happen in his lifetime. Seperti tahun-tahun berlalu ia menjadi yakin bahwa sekolah seperti itu adalah apa yang masyarakat inginkan, dan bahwa pemeriksaan ulang serius tidak akan terjadi dalam hidupnya.
Working in a similar vein was Rousas John Rushdoony who focused on education in America and was an advocate of homeschooling, which he saw as a way to combat the intentionally secular nature of the US public school system. Bekerja di nada yang sama adalah Rousas John Rushdoony yang berfokus pada pendidikan di Amerika dan merupakan penganjur homeschooling, yang dilihatnya sebagai cara untuk memerangi sengaja sekuler sifat dari US sekolah umum sistem. He vigorously attacked progressive school reformers such as Horace Mann and John Dewey and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works: Intellectual Schizophrenia (a general and concise study of education), The Messianic Character of American Education (a history and castigation of public education in the US), and The Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum (a parent-oriented pedagogical statement). Rushdoony was frequently called as an expert witness by the HSLDA ( Home School Legal Defense Association ) in court cases. Dia penuh semangat menyerang progresif reformis sekolah seperti Horace Mann dan John Dewey dan berpendapat untuk pembongkaran negara mempengaruhi pendidikan di tiga karya: Intelektual Schizophrenia (a dan ringkas studi umum pendidikan), The Mesianis Karakter Amerika Pendidikan (sejarah dan celaan pendidikan publik di AS), dan The Filsafat Kurikulum Kristen (yang berorientasi pedagogis pernyataan-induk). Rushdoony yang sering disebut sebagai saksi ahli oleh HSLDA ( Home School Legal Defense Association ) dalam kasus-kasus pengadilan.
During this time, the American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. Selama waktu ini, pendidikan Amerika profesional Raymond dan Dorothy Moore mulai penelitian keabsahan akademik yang berkembang pesat Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini gerakan. This research included independent studies by other researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on Early Childhood Education and the physical and mental development of children. Penelitian ini meliputi studi independen oleh peneliti lain dan tinjauan lebih dari 8.000 studi bantalan pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dan perkembangan fisik dan mental anak.
They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8–12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness, but was actually harmful to children. Mereka menegaskan bahwa sekolah formal sebelum usia 8-12 tidak hanya tidak memiliki efektivitas diantisipasi, namun sebenarnya berbahaya bagi anak-anak. The Moores began to publish their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically. The Moores mulai mempublikasikan pandangan mereka bahwa sekolah formal itu merusak anak-anak akademis, sosial, mental, dan bahkan fisiologis. They presented evidence that childhood problems such as juvenile delinquency, nearsightedness, increased enrollment of students in special education classes, and behavioral problems were the result of increasingly earlier enrollment of students. [ 9 ] The Moores cited studies demonstrating that orphans who were given surrogate mothers were measurably more intelligent, with superior long term effects – even though the mothers were mentally retarded teenagers – and that illiterate tribal mothers in Africa produced children who were socially and emotionally more advanced than typical western children, by western standards of measurement. [ 9 ] Mereka disajikan bukti bahwa masa kanak-kanak masalah seperti kenakalan remaja, rabun jauh, peningkatan pendaftaran siswa di pendidikan khusus kelas, dan masalah perilaku adalah hasil dari awal pendaftaran semakin banyak siswa. [9] The Moores mengutip penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak yatim yang diberi ibu pengganti yang menyolok lebih cerdas, dengan atasan efek jangka panjang - meskipun para ibu remaja retardasi mental - yang buta huruf pada ibu suku Afrika yang dihasilkan anak-anak yang secara sosial dan emosional lebih maju daripada biasa, anak-anak barat dengan barat standar pengukuran. dan [9]
Their primary assertion was that the bonds and emotional development made at home with parents during these years produced critical long term results that were cut short by enrollment in schools, and could neither be replaced nor afterward corrected in an institutional setting. [ 9 ] Recognizing a necessity for early out-of-home care for some children – particularly special needs and starkly impoverished children, and children from exceptionally inferior homes– they maintained that the vast majority of children are far better situated at home, even with mediocre parents, than with the most gifted and motivated teachers in a school setting (assuming that the child has a gifted and motivated teacher). Penegasan utama mereka adalah bahwa obligasi dan emosional dibuat di rumah dengan orang tua selama bertahun-tahun menghasilkan hasil jangka panjang penting yang dipotong pendek dengan pendaftaran di sekolah, dan tidak bisa diganti atau diperbaiki sesudahnya dalam setting institusional. [9] Menyadari kebutuhan untuk awal luar rumah perawatan untuk beberapa anak-anak - terutama kebutuhan khusus dan starkly anak-anak miskin, dan anak-anak dari inferior rumah sangat-mereka bersikeras bahwa sebagian besar anak-anak yang jauh lebih baik berada di rumah, bahkan dengan orang tua biasa-biasa saja, dibandingkan dengan yang paling berbakat dan termotivasi guru dalam lingkungan sekolah (dengan asumsi bahwa anak memiliki seorang guru yang berbakat dan termotivasi). They described the difference as follows: "This is like saying, if you can help a child by taking him off the cold street and housing him in a warm tent, then warm tents should be provided for all children – when obviously most children already have even more secure housing." [ 10 ] Mereka menggambarkan perbedaan sebagai berikut: "Ini seperti mengatakan, jika Anda dapat membantu anak dengan mengambil dia dari jalanan dingin dan perumahan dia dalam tenda hangat, kemudian tenda hangat harus disediakan untuk semua anak - ketika jelas kebanyakan anak-anak sudah memiliki bahkan aman perumahan lebih ". [10]
Similar to Holt, the Moores embraced homeschooling after the publication of their first work, Better Late Than Early , 1975, and went on to become important homeschool advocates and consultants with the publication of books like Home Grown Kids , 1981, Homeschool Burnout , and others. [ 9 ] Serupa dengan Holt, Moores memeluk homeschooling setelah penerbitan karya pertama mereka, Better Late Than Awal, 1975, dan kemudian menjadi pendukung dan konsultan penting homeschooling dengan penerbitan buku seperti Home Grown Kids 1981,, Homeschool Burnout, dan lain-lain . [9]
At the time, other authors published books questioning the premises and efficacy of compulsory schooling, including Deschooling Society by Ivan Illich , 1970 and No More Public School by Harold Bennet , 1972. Pada saat itu, penulis lain menerbitkan buku mempertanyakan tempat dan kemanjuran wajib belajar, termasuk Deschooling Society oleh Ivan Illich , 1970 dan No More Public School dari Harold Bennet , 1972.
In 1976, Holt published Instead of Education; Ways to Help People Do Things Better . Pada tahun 1976, Holt menerbitkan Daripada Pendidikan; Cara untuk Membantu Orang Do Things Better. In its conclusion, he called for a "Children's Underground Railroad " to help children escape compulsory schooling. [ 8 ] In response, Holt was contacted by families from around the US to tell him that they were educating their children at home. Dalam kesimpulan, dia menyerukan untuk sebuah "Anak-anak Underground Railroad "untuk membantu anak-anak wajib belajar melarikan diri. [8] Sebagai tanggapan, Holt dihubungi oleh keluarga dari seluruh AS untuk mengatakan kepadanya bahwa mereka mendidik anak-anak mereka di rumah. In 1977, after corresponding with a number of these families, Holt began producing Growing Without Schooling , a magazine dedicated to home education. [ 11 ] Pada tahun 1977, setelah sesuai dengan jumlah keluarga tersebut, Holt mulai memproduksi Tumbuh Tanpa Sekolah , sebuah majalah yang didedikasikan untuk pendidikan rumah. [11]
In 1980, Holt said, "I want to make it clear that I don't see homeschooling as some kind of answer to badness of schools. I think that the home is the proper base for the exploration of the world which we call learning or education. Home would be the best base no matter how good the schools were." [ 12 ] Pada tahun 1980, Holt mengatakan, "Saya ingin membuat jelas bahwa saya tidak melihat homeschooling sebagai sejenis jawaban terhadap keburukan sekolah. Saya berpikir bahwa rumah adalah basis yang tepat untuk eksplorasi dunia yang kita sebut belajar atau pendidikan. Home akan menjadi basis terbaik tidak peduli seberapa baik sekolah itu ". [12]
Holt later wrote a book about homeschooling, Teach Your Own , in 1981. Holt kemudian menulis sebuah buku tentang homeschooling, Teach Your Own, pada tahun 1981.
One common theme in the homeschool philosophies of both Holt and the Moores is that home education should not be an attempt to bring the school construct into the home, or a view of education as an academic preliminary to life. Satu tema umum dalam filsafat homeschool baik Holt dan Moores adalah bahwa pendidikan rumah tidak harus menjadi upaya untuk membawa sekolah membangun ke rumah, atau melihat pendidikan sebagai akademis awal untuk hidup. They viewed it as a natural, experiential aspect of life that occurs as the members of the family are involved with one another in daily living. [ citation needed ] Mereka melihatnya sebagai pengalaman, aspek alami hidup yang terjadi sebagai anggota keluarga yang terlibat dengan satu sama lain dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Methodology [ sunting ] Metodologi
Homeschools use a wide variety of methods and materials. Homeschools menggunakan berbagai metode dan bahan. There are different paradigms, or educational philosophies , that families adopt including unit studies, Classical education (including Trivium , Quadrivium ), Charlotte Mason education, Montessori method , Theory of multiple intelligences , Unschooling , Radical Unschooling , Waldorf education , School-at-home , A Thomas Jefferson Education , and many others. Ada paradigma yang berbeda, atau filsafat pendidikan , bahwa keluarga mengadopsi termasuk studi satuan, pendidikan Klasik (termasuk Trivium , Quadrivium ), Charlotte Mason pendidikan, metode Montessori , Teori kecerdasan ganda , Unschooling , Radikal Unschooling , pendidikan Waldorf , Sekolah-di-rumah , J Thomas Jefferson Pendidikan , dan banyak lainnya. Some of these approaches, particularly unit studies, Montessori, and Waldorf, are also available in private or public school settings. Beberapa pendekatan ini, terutama unit studi, Montessori, dan Waldorf, juga tersedia dalam pengaturan sekolah swasta atau publik.It is not uncommon for the student to experience more than one approach as the family discovers what works best for them. Hal ini tidak biasa bagi siswa untuk mengalami lebih dari satu pendekatan sebagai keluarga menemukan apa yang terbaik untuk mereka. Many families do choose an eclectic (mixed) approach. Banyak keluarga memilih pendekatan (campuran) eklektik. For sources of curricula and books, "Homeschooling in the United States: 2003" [ 13 ] found that 78 percent utilized "a public library"; 77 percent used "a homeschooling catalog, publisher, or individual specialist"; 68 percent used "retail bookstore or other store"; 60 percent used "an education publisher that was not affiliated with homeschooling." Untuk sumber kurikulum dan buku, "Homeschooling di Amerika Serikat: 2003" [13] menemukan bahwa 78 persen menggunakan "perpustakaan umum"; 77 persen digunakan "katalog homeschooling, penerbit, atau spesialis individu"; 68 persen digunakan "ritel toko buku atau toko lainnya "; 60 persen digunakan" sebuah penerbit pendidikan yang tidak berafiliasi dengan homeschooling ". "Approximately half" used curriculum or books from "a homeschooling organization", 37 percent from a "church, synagogue or other religious institution" and 23 percent from "their local public school or district." "Sekitar setengah" Kurikulum yang digunakan atau buku-buku dari "organisasi homeschooling", 37 persen dari "gereja, sinagoga atau lembaga agama lain" dan 23 persen dari "sekolah umum setempat atau kabupaten." 41 percent in 2003 utilized some sort of distance learning , approximately 20 percent by "television, video or radio"; 19 percent via "Internet, e-mail, or the World Wide Web"; and 15 percent taking a "correspondence course by mail designed specifically for homeschoolers." 41 persen pada tahun 2003 digunakan semacam pembelajaran jarak jauh , sekitar 20 persen dengan "televisi, video atau radio"; 19 persen melalui "Internet, e-mail, atau World Wide Web", dan 15 persen mengambil kursus korespondensi "melalui surat dirancang khusus untuk homeschoolers. "
Individual governmental units, eg states and local districts, vary in official curriculum and attendance requirements. [ 14 ] Masing-masing unit pemerintahan, misalnya negara dan kabupaten setempat, bervariasi dalam kurikulum resmi dan persyaratan kehadiran. [14]
[ edit ] Unit studies [ sunting ] studi Unit
The unit study approach incorporates several subjects, such as art, history, math, science, geography and other curriculum subjects, around the context of one topical theme, like water, animals, American slavery, or ancient Rome. [ 15 ] [ unreliable source? ] For example, a unit study of Native Americans could combine age-appropriate lessons in: social studies , how different tribes lived prior to colonization vs. today; art , making Native American clothing; history (of Native Americans in the US ); reading from a special reading list; and the science of plants used by Native Americans. [ citation needed ] Pendekatan studi Unit menggabungkan beberapa mata pelajaran, seperti seni, sejarah, matematika, ilmu pengetahuan, geografi dan mata pelajaran kurikulum lain, sekitar konteks satu tema topikal, seperti air, binatang, perbudakan Amerika, atau Roma kuno. [15] [ sumber tidak bisa diandalkan ? ] Sebagai contoh, sebuah studi unit asli Amerika dapat menggabungkan pelajaran yang sesuai dengan usia di: ilmu-ilmu sosial , bagaimana suku-suku yang berbeda hidup sebelum kolonisasi vs hari ini; seni , membuat pakaian asli Amerika, sejarah (dari Amerika asli di AS ); membaca dari daftar bacaan khusus; dan ilmu tanaman yang digunakan oleh penduduk asli Amerika. dari [ kutipan diperlukan ]Unit studies are particularly helpful for teaching multiple grade levels simultaneously, as the topic can easily be adjusted (ie from an 8th grader detailing and labeling a spider's anatomy to an elementary student drawing a picture of a spider on its web). Unit studi sangat membantu untuk mengajar tingkat kelas secara simultan, sebagai topik dengan mudah dapat disesuaikan (yaitu dari suatu kelas 8 merinci dan pelabelan anatomi laba-laba ke siswa SD gambar gambar laba-laba di web nya). As it is generally the case that in a given "homeschool" very few students are spread out among the grade levels, the unit study approach is an attractive option. [ citation needed ] Seperti umumnya kasus yang dalam "homeschool" sangat sedikit siswa diberikan tersebar di antara tingkat kelas, pendekatan studi unit adalah pilihan yang menarik. [ rujukan? ]
Unit study advocates assert that children retain 45% more information following this approach. [ 15 ] [ unreliable source? ] Unit studi pendukung menegaskan bahwa anak-anak menyimpan informasi 45% lebih mengikuti pendekatan. [15] [ sumber tidak bisa diandalkan? ]
[ edit ] All-in-one curricula [ sunting ] All-in-one kurikulum
"All-in-one" curricula, sometimes called a "school in a box", are comprehensive packages covering many subjects; usually an entire year's worth. "All-in-one" kurikulum, kadang-kadang disebut "sekolah dalam kotak", adalah paket yang komprehensif yang mencakup banyak hal, biasanya senilai satu tahun penuh itu. They contain all needed books and materials, including pencils and writing paper. Mereka berisi semua buku yang diperlukan dan bahan-bahan, termasuk pensil dan kertas tulis. Most such curricula were developed for isolated families who lack access to public schools, libraries and shops [ by whom? ] . [ 16 ] Kebanyakan kurikulum seperti itu dikembangkan untuk keluarga terisolasi yang tidak memiliki akses ke sekolah umum, perpustakaan dan toko [ oleh siapa? ]. [16]Typically, these materials recreate the school environment in the home and are based on the same subject-area expectations as publicly run schools, allowing an easy transition into school. Biasanya, materi ini menciptakan lingkungan sekolah di rumah dan didasarkan pada harapan subyek-daerah yang sama seperti sekolah umum menjalankan, memungkinkan transisi yang mudah ke sekolah. They are among the more expensive options, but are easy to use and require minimal preparation. Mereka adalah di antara pilihan lebih mahal, tetapi mudah digunakan dan memerlukan persiapan minim. The guides are usually extensive, with step-by-step instructions. Panduan biasanya luas, dengan instruksi langkah-demi-langkah. These programs may include standardized tests and remote examinations to yield an accredited school diploma. [ citation needed ] Program-program ini mungkin termasuk tes standar dan pemeriksaan jarak jauh untuk menghasilkan suatu ijazah sekolah yang terakreditasi. [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Student-paced learning [ sunting ] serba belajar Mahasiswa
Similar to All-in-one curricula are learner-paced curriculum packages. Mirip dengan All-in-one kurikulum adalah paket kurikulum pelajar-mondar-mandir. These workbooks allow the student to progress at their own speed. [ citation needed ] Buku kerja ini memungkinkan siswa untuk kemajuan pada kecepatan mereka sendiri. [ rujukan? ][ edit ] Online education [ sunting ] Pendidikan Online
Online resources for homeschooling include courses of study, curricula, educational games , online tests, online tutoring, and occupational training. sumber daya Online untuk homeschooling meliputi program studi, kurikulum, permainan pendidikan , tes online, bimbingan online, dan pelatihan kerja. Online learning potentially allows students and families access to specialized teachers and materials and greater flexibility in scheduling. belajar Online berpotensi memungkinkan siswa dan keluarga akses untuk guru khusus dan bahan-bahan dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar dalam penjadwalan. Parents can be with their children during an online tutoring session. Orang tua bisa dengan anak-anak mereka selama sesi bimbingan online. Finally, online tutoring is useful for students who are disabled or otherwise limited in their ability to travel. Akhirnya, bimbingan online berguna untuk siswa yang cacat atau terbatas dalam kemampuan mereka untuk melakukan perjalanan. Several well-known programs for gifted children, who need differentiation in their curricular choices, are available: the Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth http://cty.jhu.edu/about/index.html and Stanford University's Education Program for Gifted Youth http://epgy.stanford.edu/ both provide challenging materials to students, including both self-paced courses with tutor support and online classroom-based courses. program terkenal Beberapa untuk anak-anak berbakat, yang membutuhkan diferensiasi dalam kurikuler pilihan mereka, tersedia: Johns Hopkins University Pusat Pemuda Berbakat http://cty.jhu.edu/about/index.html dan Stanford University Program Pendidikan untuk Berbakat Pemuda http://epgy.stanford.edu/ baik menyediakan materi menantang kepada siswa, termasuk program yang serba diri dengan dukungan guru dan program kelas berbasis online. A commercial program of online study in all courses and at all grade levels is available from K12.com http://www.k12.com/ . Sebuah program komersial studi online di semua program dan pada semua tingkatan kelas tersedia dari K12.com http://www.k12.com/ . The K12 curriculum has been adopted by a number of public independent study charter schools throughout the country (see, for example, the California Virtual Academies at http://www.k12.com/cava/ , where students use the K12 curriculum for credit under the supervision of a credentialed teacher). Kurikulum K12 telah diadopsi oleh sejumlah masyarakat sekolah piagam studi independen di seluruh negeri (lihat, misalnya, California Virtual Akademi di http://www.k12.com/cava/ , dimana siswa menggunakan kurikulum K12 kredit di bawah pengawasan seorang guru terpercaya). A number of other online high schools are also offering diplomas in many states, including some directed specifically at gifted students (see Stanford Online High School at http://epgy.stanford.edu/ohs/ . Students can enroll in a full-time course load leading to a diploma or enroll in particular courses as part of their enrollment in another school or homeschool). Sejumlah sekolah tinggi online lainnya juga menawarkan diploma di banyak negara, termasuk beberapa diarahkan secara khusus pada siswa berbakat (lihat Stanford Online High School di http://epgy.stanford.edu/ohs/ . Siswa dapat mendaftarkan diri dalam waktu-penuh Tentu saja beban yang mengarah ke diploma atau masuk ke program tertentu sebagai bagian dari partisipasi mereka di lain sekolah atau homeschooling). Similarly, as more and more universities make content available online, homeschooled families are finding a wealth of materials available, primarily for use as self-study. Demikian pula, sebagai universitas semakin banyak membuat konten yang tersedia secara online, belajar di rumah keluarga yang mencari banyak bahan yang tersedia, terutama untuk digunakan sebagai belajar-sendiri. Although teacher support is not usually provided in open courseware programs, families teaching their own children may, if the study met their requirements, grant credit for the work through their homeschools. Walaupun dukungan guru tidak biasanya diberikan dalam program courseware terbuka, keluarga mengajar anak-anak mereka sendiri dapat, jika studi ini memenuhi persyaratan mereka, kredit hibah untuk bekerja melalui homeschools mereka. The University of California at Berkeley , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and many other renowned universities have contributed materials in this area. The University of California di Berkeley , di Massachusetts Institute of Technology dan banyak universitas terkenal lainnya telah menyumbang bahan di daerah ini. Some commercial organizations publish university-level lecture series on a broad range of subjects. Beberapa organisasi komersial mempublikasikan seri tingkat universitas kuliah di berbagai mata pelajaran. Although the companies typically offer no teacher support or credit, homeschool families can, depending on their legal method of homeschooling, grant credit for work that includes the use of these materials if mastery is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the parents or other persons with oversight responsibility. [ citation needed ] Noted musical educator SM Laddusaw has developed an adaptive musical curriculum (based on proprietary software) whereby students can learn piano and basic music theory at the student's own pace. Meskipun perusahaan biasanya tidak menawarkan dukungan guru atau kredit, homeschooling keluarga dapat, tergantung pada metode hukum mereka homeschooling, pemberian kredit untuk pekerjaan yang meliputi penggunaan bahan-bahan ini jika penguasaan ini ditunjukkan dengan kepuasan orang tua atau orang lain dengan tanggung jawab pengawasan [. rujukan? ] Tercatat musik pendidik SM Laddusaw telah mengembangkan kurikulum musik adaptif (berdasarkan perangkat lunak berpemilik) dimana siswa dapat belajar piano dan teori musik dasar di kecepatan sendiri siswa. The software recognizes patterns in the student's learning and adjusts the curriculum accordingly. Perangkat lunak ini mengakui pola-pola dalam belajar siswa dan menyesuaikan kurikulum yang sesuai.[ edit ] Community resources [ sunting ] sumber daya Komunitas
Homeschoolers often take advantage of educational opportunities at museums, community centers, athletic clubs, after-school programs, churches, science preserves, parks, and other community resources. Homeschoolers sering mengambil keuntungan dari kesempatan pendidikan di museum, pusat komunitas, klub atletik, setelah program-sekolah, gereja, ilmu preserves, taman, dan sumber daya masyarakat lainnya. Secondary school level students may take classes at community colleges, which typically have open admission policies. siswa tingkat sekolah menengah dapat mengambil kelas di perguruan tinggi, yang biasanya memiliki kebijakan pengakuan terbuka. In many communities, homeschooling parents and students participate in community theater, dance, band, symphony, and choral opportunities. [ citation needed ] Dalam banyak masyarakat, homeschooling orang tua dan siswa berpartisipasi dalam komunitas teater, tari, band, simfoni, dan peluang paduan suara. [ rujukan? ]Groups of homeschooling families often join together to create homeschool co-ops. Kelompok keluarga homeschooling sering bergabung bersama-sama untuk menciptakan homeschool co-ops. These groups typically meet once a week and provide a classroom environment. Kelompok-kelompok ini biasanya bertemu seminggu sekali dan menyediakan lingkungan kelas. These are family-centered support groups whose members seek to pool their talents and resources in a collective effort to broaden the scope of their children's education. Ini adalah keluarga-kelompok pendukung berpusat yang anggotanya berusaha untuk kolam bakat dan sumber daya dalam upaya kolektif untuk memperluas lingkup pendidikan anak-anak mereka. They provide a classroom environment where students can do hands-on and group learning such as performing, science experiments, art projects, foreign language study, spelling bees, discussions, etc. Parents whose children take classes serve in volunteer roles to keep costs low and make the program a success. [ citation needed ] Mereka menyediakan sebuah lingkungan kelas dimana siswa dapat dilakukan tangan-on dan kelompok belajar seperti melakukan, percobaan sains, proyek seni, studi bahasa asing, ejaan lebah, diskusi, dll Orang tua yang anaknya mengambil kelas melayani dalam peran relawan untuk menjaga biaya rendah dan membuat program sukses. [ rujukan? ]
Certain states, such as Maine, Florida and New Mexico, have laws that permit homeschooling families to take advantage of public school resources. negara-negara tertentu, seperti Maine, Florida dan New Mexico, memiliki hukum yang memungkinkan keluarga homeschooling untuk mengambil keuntungan dari sumber daya sekolah umum. In such cases, children can be members of sports teams, be members of the school band, can take art classes, and utilize services such as speech therapy while maintaining their homeschool lifestyle. [ citation needed ] Dalam kasus tersebut, anak dapat menjadi anggota tim olahraga, menjadi anggota band sekolah, dapat mengambil kelas seni, dan memanfaatkan layanan seperti terapi bicara sambil mempertahankan gaya hidup homeschool mereka. [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Unschooling and natural learning [ sunting ] Unschooling dan alami belajar
Some people use the terms " unschooling " or " radical unschooling " to describe all methods of education that are not based in a school. Beberapa orang menggunakan istilah " unschooling "atau" unschooling radikal "untuk menggambarkan semua metode pendidikan yang tidak berbasis di sekolah."Natural learning" refers to a type of learning-on-demand where children pursue knowledge based on their interests and parents take an active part in facilitating activities and experiences conducive to learning but do not rely heavily on textbooks or spend much time "teaching", looking instead for "learning moments" throughout their daily activities. "Alam belajar" mengacu pada jenis belajar-on-demand dimana anak-anak mengejar pengetahuan berdasarkan minat mereka dan orang tua mengambil bagian aktif dalam memfasilitasi kegiatan dan pengalaman kondusif untuk belajar namun tidak sangat bergantung pada buku teks atau menghabiskan waktu "mengajar" banyak , mencari bukan untuk "belajar saat" seluruh kegiatan sehari-hari mereka. Parents see their role as that of affirming through positive feedback and modeling the necessary skills, and the child's role as being responsible for asking and learning. [ citation needed ] Orang tua melihat peran mereka sebagai menegaskan bahwa melalui umpan balik positif dan pemodelan ketrampilan yang diperlukan, dan anak peran sebagai bertanggung jawab untuk bertanya dan belajar. [ rujukan? ]
The term "unschooling" as coined by John Holt describes an approach in which parents do not authoritatively direct the child's education, but interact with the child following the child's own interests, leaving them free to explore and learn as their interests lead. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] "Unschooling" does not indicate that the child is not being educated, but that the child is not being "schooled", or educated in a rigid school-type manner. Istilah "" unschooling sebagai diciptakan oleh John Holt menggambarkan pendekatan di mana orang tua tidak otoritatif langsung anak pendidikan, tetapi berinteraksi dengan anak berikutnya sendiri kepentingan anak, sehingga mereka bebas untuk menjelajahi dan belajar memimpin kepentingan mereka. [12] [13] "Unschooling" tidak menunjukkan bahwa anak tersebut tidak berpendidikan, tetapi bahwa anak tidak sedang "disekolahkan", atau pendidikan di sekolah-tipe cara kaku. Holt asserted that children learn through the experiences of life, and he encouraged parents to live their lives with their child. Holt menegaskan bahwa anak-anak belajar melalui pengalaman hidup, dan ia mendorong orang tua untuk menjalani kehidupan mereka dengan anak mereka. Also known as interest-led or child-led learning, unschooling attempts to follow opportunities as they arise in real life, through which a child will learn without coercion. Juga dikenal sebagai bunga yang dipimpin belajar atau anak-dipimpin, upaya unschooling untuk mengikuti peluang yang muncul dalam kehidupan nyata, di mana seorang anak akan belajar tanpa paksaan. An unschooled child may utilize texts or classroom instruction, but these are not considered central to education. Seorang anak unschooled dapat memanfaatkan teks atau instruksi ruang kelas, tetapi ini tidak dianggap penting bagi pendidikan. Holt asserted that there is no specific body of knowledge that is, or should be, required of a child. [ 14 ] Holt menegaskan bahwa tidak ada tubuh tertentu pengetahuan yang, atau seharusnya, diperlukan seorang anak. [14]
"Unschooling" should not be confused with "deschooling," which may be used to indicate an anti-"institutional school" philosophy, or a period or form of deprogramming for children or parents who have previously been schooled. [ citation needed ] "Unschooling" tidak harus bingung dengan "deschooling," yang dapat digunakan untuk menunjukkan anti-"sekolah institusional" filsafat, atau periode atau bentuk deprogramming untuk anak-anak atau orang tua yang sebelumnya telah dididik. [ rujukan? ]
Both unschooling and natural learning advocates believe that children learn best by doing; a child may learn reading to further an interest about history or other cultures, or math skills by operating a small business or sharing in family finances. Baik unschooling dan pendukung pembelajaran alami percaya bahwa anak-anak belajar paling baik dengan melakukan; anak dapat belajar membaca lebih lanjut tentang keterampilan suatu kepentingan sejarah atau budaya lain, atau matematika dengan operasi bisnis kecil atau berbagi dalam keuangan keluarga. They may learn animal husbandry keeping dairy goats or meat rabbits, botany tending a kitchen garden, chemistry to understand the operation of firearms or the internal combustion engine, or politics and local history by following a zoning or historical-status dispute. Mereka dapat belajar menjaga peternakan kambing susu atau daging kelinci, botani merawat taman dapur, kimia untuk memahami operasi senjata api atau mesin pembakaran internal, atau politik dan sejarah lokal dengan mengikuti zonasi atau perselisihan historis-status. While any type of homeschoolers may also use these methods, the unschooled child initiates these learning activities. Sementara semua jenis homeschoolers juga dapat menggunakan metode ini, anak unschooled inisiat kegiatan belajar. The natural learner participates with parents and others in learning together. [ citation needed ] Pembelajar alami berpartisipasi dengan orang tua dan orang lain dalam belajar bersama [. rujukan? ]
Homeschooling families usually have to absorb the total costs of their child's education. [ 17 ] Homeschooling keluarga biasanya harus menyerap total biaya pendidikan anak mereka itu. [17]
[ edit ] Homeschooling and college admissions [ sunting ] Homeschooling dan penerimaan perguruan tinggi
Parents choose to use standardized test scores to aid colleges in evaluating students. Orang tua memilih untuk menggunakan nilai tes standar untuk membantu perguruan tinggi dalam mengevaluasi siswa. The College Board suggests that homeschooled students keep detailed records and portfolios. [ 18 ] Para Dewan College menunjukkan bahwa siswa belajar di rumah menyimpan catatan rinci dan portofolio. [18]In the last several decades, US colleges and universities have become increasingly open to accepting students from diverse backgrounds, including home-schooled students. [ 19 ] According to one source, homeschoolers have now matriculated at over 900 different colleges and universities, including institutions with highly selective standards of admission such as the US military academies, Rice University , Haverford College , Harvard University , Stanford University , Cornell University , Brown University , Dartmouth College , and Princeton University . [ 20 ] Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, AS perguruan tinggi dan universitas menjadi semakin terbuka untuk menerima siswa dari berbagai latar belakang, termasuk-schooling siswa rumah. [19] Menurut salah satu sumber, homeschoolers sekarang matriculated di lebih dari 900 perguruan tinggi yang berbeda dan universitas, termasuk lembaga dengan sangat selektif masuk standar seperti akademi militer AS, Rice University , Haverford College , Harvard University , Stanford University , Cornell University , Brown University , Dartmouth College , dan Princeton University . [20]
A growing number of homeschooled students are choosing dual enrollment , earning college credit by taking community college classes while in high school. Semakin banyak siswa yang memilih belajar di rumah dual pendaftaran , produktif kredit perguruan tinggi dengan mengambil kuliah kelas masyarakat sedangkan di sekolah tinggi. Others choose to earn college credits through standardized tests such as the College Level Examination Program (CLEP). [ citation needed ] Lain memilih untuk memperoleh kredit college melalui tes standar seperti Program Pemeriksaan College Level (CLEP). [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Motivations [ sunting ] Motivasi
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Contoh dan perspektif dalam artikel ini terutama berhubungan dengan Amerika Serikat dan tidak mewakili seluruh dunia melihat dari subjek. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . (September 2010) Harap memperbaiki artikel ini dan mendiskusikan masalah tersebut pada halaman pembicaraan . (September 2010) |
Number and percentage of homeschooled students in the United States, by reason for homeschooling: 1999, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Jumlah dan persentase siswa belajar di rumah di Amerika Serikat, dengan alasan untuk homeschooling: 1999, Pusat Nasional untuk Statistik Pendidikan (NCES) | |||
Reason for homeschooling Alasan homeschooling | Number of Jumlah homeschooled students siswa belajar di rumah | Percent Persen | |
Can give child better education at home Dapat memberikan pendidikan yang lebih baik anak di rumah | 415,000 415,000 | 48.9 48.9 | 3.79 3.79 |
Religious reason Alasan agama | 327,000 327,000 | 38.4 38.4 | 4.44 4.44 |
Poor learning environment at school Miskin lingkungan belajar di sekolah | 218,000 218,000 | 25.6 25.6 | 3.44 3.44 |
Family reasons Keluarga alasan | 143,000 143,000 | 16.8 16.8 | 2.79 2.79 |
To develop character/morality Untuk mengembangkan karakter / moralitas | 128,000 128,000 | 15.1 15.1 | 3.39 3.39 |
Object to what school teaches Obyek ke sekolah apa yang diajarkan | 103,000 103,000 | 12.1 12.1 | 2.11 2.11 |
School does not challenge child Sekolah tidak menantang anak | 98,000 98,000 | 11.6 11.6 | 2.39 2.39 |
Other problems with available schools Masalah lain dengan sekolah-sekolah yang tersedia | 76,000 76,000 | 9.0 9.0 | 2.40 2.40 |
Child has special needs/disability Anak memiliki kebutuhan khusus / cacat | 69,000 69,000 | 8.2 8.2 | 1.89 1.89 |
Transportation/convenience Transportasi / kenyamanan | 23,000 23,000 | 2.7 2.7 | 1.48 1.48 |
Child not old enough to enter school belum cukup umur untuk memasuki sekolah Anak | 15,000 15,000 | 1.8 1.8 | 1.13 1.13 |
Parent's career Orang tua karir | 12,000 12,000 | 1.5 1.5 | 0.80 0.80 |
Could not get into desired school Tidak dapat masuk ke sekolah yang diinginkan | 12,000 12,000 | 1.5 1.5 | 0.99 0.99 |
Other reasons* Alasan lain * | 189,000 189,000 | 22.2 22.2 | 2.90 2.90 |
According to the US DOE's "Homeschooling in the United States: 2003", 85 percent of homeschooling parents cited "the social environments of other forms of schooling" (including safety, drugs, sexual harassment, bullying and negative peer-pressure) as an important reason why they homeschool. Menurut DOE AS "Homeschooling di Amerika Serikat: 2003", 85 persen orangtua homeschooling yang dikutip "lingkungan sosial bentuk lain dari sekolah" (termasuk keamanan, narkoba, pelecehan seksual, bullying dan negatif peer-tekanan) sebagai penting alasan mengapa mereka homeschool. 72 percent cited "to provide religious or moral instruction" as an important reason, and 68 percent cited "dissatisfaction with academic instruction at other schools." [ 13 ] 7 percent cited "Child has physical or mental health problem", 7 percent cited "Child has other special needs", 9 percent cited "Other reasons" (including "child's choice," "allows parents more control of learning" and "flexibility"). [ 13 ] 72 persen dikutip "untuk memberikan atau moral pelajaran agama" sebagai alasan penting, dan 68 persen dikutip "ketidakpuasan dengan instruksi akademik di sekolah lain." [13] 7 persen dikutip "Anak memiliki masalah kesehatan mental atau fisik", 7 persen dikutip " Anak memiliki kebutuhan khusus lainnya ", 9 persen dikutip" Alasan lain "(termasuk" adalah pilihan anak, "" memungkinkan orang tua lebih mengontrol pembelajaran "dan" fleksibilitas "). [13]
Other reasons include more flexibility in educational practices for children with learning disabilities or illnesses, or for children of missionaries, military families, or otherwise traveling parents. Alasan lainnya adalah fleksibilitas yang lebih dalam praktik pendidikan untuk anak-anak dengan ketidakmampuan belajar atau penyakit, atau untuk anak-anak misionaris, keluarga militer, atau orang tua bepergian.
[ edit ] Controversies and criticism [ sunting ] Kontroversi dan kritik
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Contoh dan perspektif dalam artikel ini terutama berhubungan dengan Amerika Serikat dan tidak mewakili seluruh dunia melihat dari subjek. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page . (September 2010) Harap memperbaiki artikel ini dan mendiskusikan masalah tersebut pada halaman pembicaraan . (September 2010) |
[ edit ] Philosophical and political opposition [ sunting ] Filosofis dan oposisi politik
Opposition to homeschooling comes from many sources, including some organizations of teachers and school districts. Oposisi terhadap homeschooling berasal dari berbagai sumber, termasuk beberapa organisasi guru dan distrik sekolah. The National Education Association , a United States teachers' union and professional association , opposes homeschooling. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The National Education Association , Amerika Serikat yang 'serikat guru dan asosiasi profesi , menentang homeschooling. [22] [23]Opponents of homeschooling state several categories of concerns relating to homeschooling or its potential effects on society: Para penentang kategori negara beberapa homeschooling kekhawatiran yang berkaitan dengan homeschooling atau efek potensial terhadap masyarakat:
- Inadequate standards of academic quality and comprehensiveness; [ citation needed ] Memadai standar kualitas akademik dan kelengkapan; [ rujukan? ]
- Lack of socialization with peers of different ethnic and religious backgrounds; [ citation needed ] Kurangnya sosialisasi dengan teman sebaya dari latar belakang etnis dan agama yang berbeda; [ rujukan? ]
- The potential for development of religious or social extremism; [ citation needed ] Potensi untuk pengembangan sosial atau ekstremisme keagamaan; [ rujukan? ]
- Children sheltered from mainstream society, or denied opportunities that are their right, such as social development; [ citation needed ] Anak-anak terlindung dari masyarakat umum, atau ditolak peluang yang hak mereka, seperti pembangunan sosial; [ rujukan? ]
- Potential for development of parallel societies that do not fit into standards of citizenship and the community. [ citation needed ] Potensi untuk pengembangan masyarakat paralel yang tidak sesuai dengan standar kewarganegaraan dan masyarakat. [ rujukan? ]
Gallup polls of American voters have shown a significant change in attitude in the last twenty years, from 73% opposed to home education in 1985 to 54% opposed in 2001. [ 26 ] jajak pendapat Gallup pemilih Amerika telah menunjukkan perubahan signifikan dalam sikap dalam dua puluh tahun terakhir, dari 73% dibandingkan dengan pendidikan rumah pada tahun 1985 menjadi 54% dibandingkan tahun 2001. [26]
[ edit ] Criticism of supportive achievement studies [ sunting ] Kritik studi yang mendukung pencapaian
Although there are some studies that show that homeschooled students can do well on standardized tests, [ 27 ] some of these studies compare voluntary homeschool testing with mandatory public-school testing. Meskipun ada beberapa penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa siswa belajar di rumah dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada tes standar, [27] beberapa studi ini membandingkan pengujian homeschool sukarela dengan uji publik-sekolah wajib. Homeschooled students in the United States are not subject to the testing requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act . [ 28 ] Some US states require mandatory testing for homeschooled students, but others do not. siswa belajar di rumah di Amerika Serikat tidak tunduk pada persyaratan pengujian Child Left Behind UU No . [28] Beberapa negara bagian AS memerlukan tes wajib bagi siswa belajar di rumah, tetapi yang lainnya tidak. Some states that require testing allow homeschooling parents to choose which test to use. [ 29 ] An exception are the SAT and ACT tests, where homeschooled and formally schooled students alike are self-selecting; homeschoolers averaged higher scores on college entrance tests in South Carolina. [ 30 ] When testing is not required, students taking the tests are self-selected, which biases any statistical results . [ 31 ] Other test scores (numbers from 1999 data in a year 2000 article) showed mixed results, for example showing higher levels for homeschoolers in English (homeschooled 23.4 vs national average 20.5) and reading (homeschooled 24.4 vs national average 21.4) on the ACT, but mixed scores in math (homeschooled 20.4 vs national average 20.7 on the ACT as opposed homeschooled 535 vs national average 511 on the 1999 SAT math). [ 32 ] However, advocates of home education and educational choice counter with an input-output theory, pointing out that home educators expend only an average of $500–$600 a year on each student, in comparison to $9,000-$10,000 for each public school student in the United States, which raises a question about whether home-educated students would be especially dominant on tests if afforded access to an equal commitment of tax-funded educational resources. [ 33 ] menyatakan bahwa membutuhkan pengujian memungkinkan homeschooling kepada orang tua memilih tes untuk digunakan. Beberapa [29] Sebuah pengecualian adalah tes SAT dan ACT, dimana belajar di rumah dan secara resmi disekolahkan siswa sama-sama memilih diri; homeschoolers rata-rata skor yang lebih tinggi dalam tes masuk perguruan tinggi di South Carolina . [30] Bila pengujian tidak diperlukan, siswa mengambil tes adalah self-dipilih, yang bias setiap hasil statistik . [31] nilai tes lainnya (nomor dari 1999 data dalam sebuah artikel tahun 2000) menunjukkan hasil yang beragam, misalnya menunjukkan lebih tinggi tingkat untuk homeschoolers dalam bahasa Inggris (belajar di rumah rata-rata nasional 23,4 vs 20,5) dan membaca (belajar di rumah rata-rata nasional 24,4 vs 21,4) pada ACT, tetapi nilai dicampur dalam matematika (belajar di rumah rata-rata nasional 20,4 vs 20,7 pada ACT sebagai lawan dari belajar di rumah rata-rata nasional 535 vs 511 di SAT matematika 1999). [32] Namun, para pendukung pendidikan rumah dan pilihan pendidikan kontra dengan-output teori input, menunjukkan bahwa pendidik rumah mengeluarkan hanya rata-rata sebesar $ 500 - $ 600 per tahun pada setiap siswa, dibandingkan dengan $ 9.000 - 10.000 untuk setiap siswa sekolah umum di Amerika, Amerika yang menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang apakah dididik di rumah calon siswa terutama dominan pada tes jika diberikan akses yang sama dari komitmen pajak pendidikan sumber daya. didanai-$ [33][ edit ] Potential for unmonitored child abuse [ sunting ] Potensi penyiksaan anak dimonitor
There is no evidence to suggest that abuse among homeschoolers is more pervasive or severe than in government institutions. [ 34 ] Nevertheless, in Washington, DC increased regulation of homeschooling was enacted in response to a mother who had withdrawn her four children from public school and was subsequently charged with their murder. [ 35 ] It was claimed that the homeschooling exemption in the District of Columbia allowed the abuse of the children to occur undetected. [ 36 ] Tidak ada bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa pelecehan antara homeschoolers lebih luas atau keras dari dalam lembaga-lembaga pemerintah. [34] Namun demikian, di Washington, DC peningkatan peraturan homeschooling telah diundangkan sebagai tanggapan terhadap seorang ibu yang telah ditarik empat anaknya dari sekolah umum dan kemudian didakwa dengan pembunuhan mereka. [35] Ini adalah menyatakan bahwa pembebasan homeschooling di District of Columbia memungkinkan penyalahgunaan anak-anak terjadi tanpa terdeteksi. [36][ edit ] International status and statistics [ sunting ] status Internasional dan statistik
Homeschooling is legal in many countries. Homeschooling adalah hukum di banyak negara. Countries with the most prevalent home education movements include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Negara-negara dengan gerakan rumah yang paling umum pendidikan adalah Australia, Kanada, Selandia Baru, Inggris, dan Amerika Serikat. Some countries have highly regulated home education programs as an extension of the compulsory school system; others, such as Germany, [ 37 ] have outlawed it entirely. Beberapa negara telah sangat diatur program pendidikan rumah sebagai perpanjangan dari sistem sekolah wajib; lain, seperti Jerman, [37] telah dilarang itu sepenuhnya. Brazil has a law project in process. Brazil memiliki proyek hukum dalam proses. In other countries, while not restricted by law, homeschooling is not socially acceptable or considered undesirable and is virtually non-existent. Di negara-negara lain, sementara tidak dibatasi oleh hukum, homeschooling tidak diterima secara sosial atau dianggap tidak diinginkan dan hampir tidak ada.[ edit ] Africa [ sunting ] Afrika
[ edit ] Kenya [ sunting ] Kenya
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling is currently permitted in Kenya . [ 38 ] Homeschooling saat ini diizinkan di Kenya . [38] [ edit ] South Africa [ sunting ] Afrika Selatan
Status: Multiple Status: Multiple
Homeschooling is legal according to South African national law, but individual provinces have the authority to set their own restrictions. [ 39 ] Homeschooling adalah sah menurut Afrika Selatan hukum nasional, namun masing-masing propinsi memiliki wewenang untuk menetapkan batasan mereka sendiri. [39] [ edit ] Americas [ sunting ] Amerika
[ edit ] Argentina [ sunting ] Argentina
There is no law addressing homeschooling in Argentina. Tidak ada hukum yang menangani homeschooling di Argentina. It is the parents' responsibility to make sure their child(ren) get an adequate education. Ini adalah tanggung jawab orang tua untuk memastikan anak-anak mereka (ren) mendapatkan pendidikan yang memadai.[ edit ] Brazil [ sunting ] Brasil
A couple, a Brazilian mother and an American father, was investigated in 2010 by the municipal government of Serra Negra , São Paulo , for homeschooling their children. Beberapa, seorang ibu Brasil dan seorang ayah Amerika, diselidiki pada tahun 2010 oleh pemerintah kota dari Serra Negra , Sao Paulo , untuk homeschooling anak-anak mereka. The local authorities were tipped off by an anonymous source because the couples's two daughters did not attend school. Pihak berwenang setempat tipped off oleh sumber anonim karena dua pasangan putri tidak hadir sekolah. The Public Ministry expected to reach an agreement with the family to enlist the infants in formal schools. [ 42 ] Enrollment in schools in Brazil is mandatory for people aged 4–17. Para Departemen Umum diharapkan dapat mencapai kesepakatan dengan keluarga untuk meminta bayi dalam sekolah formal. [42] Pendaftaran di sekolah-sekolah di Brasil adalah wajib bagi orang yang berusia 4-17.[ edit ] Canada [ sunting ] Kanada
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Approximately 1% to 2% of North American children are homeschooled, which includes about 60,000 in Canada. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Back in 1995, Meighan estimated the total number of homeschoolers in Canada, to be 10,000 official and 20,000 unofficial. [ 45 ] Karl M. Bunday estimated, in 1995, based on journalistic reports, that about 1 percent of school-age children were homeschooled. [ 46 ] In April 2005, the total number of registered homeschool students in British Columbia was 3,068. [ 47 ] In Manitoba, homeschoolers are required to register with Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Sekitar 1% sampai 2% dari Amerika Utara adalah anak-anak belajar di rumah, yang mencakup sekitar 60.000 di Kanada. [43] [44] Kembali pada tahun 1995, Meighan memperkirakan jumlah homeschoolers di Kanada, menjadi 10.000 20.000 resmi dan tidak resmi. [45 ] Karl M. Bunday diperkirakan, pada tahun 1995, berdasarkan laporan jurnalistik, bahwa sekitar 1 persen dari anak-anak usia sekolah belajar di rumah. [46] Pada bulan April 2005, jumlah siswa homeschool terdaftar di British Columbia 3068. [47] di Manitoba, homeschoolers diharuskan untuk mendaftar dengan Manitoba Pendidikan, Kewarganegaraan dan Pemuda. The number of homeschoolers is noted at over 1,500 in 2006; 0.5% of students enrolled in the public system. [ citation needed ] Jumlah homeschoolers tercatat sebesar lebih dari 1.500 pada tahun 2006;% dari mahasiswa yang terdaftar di masyarakat. Sistem 0,5 [ rujukan? ] [ edit ] United States [ sunting ] Amerika Serikat
Further information: Homeschooling in the United States Informasi lebih lanjut: Homeschooling di Amerika Serikat
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
In "The Condition of Education 2000-2009," The National Center for Education Statistics of the United States Department of Education reports that In 2007, the number of homeschooled students was about 1.5 million, an increase from 850,000 in 1999 and 1.1 million in 2003. [ 48 ] The percentage of the school-age population that was homeschooled increased from 1.7 percent in 1999 to 2.9 percent in 2007. Dalam "Kondisi Pendidikan 2000-2009," Pusat Nasional untuk Pendidikan Statistik dari Amerika Serikat Departemen Pendidikan melaporkan bahwa Pada tahun 2007, jumlah siswa belajar di rumah sekitar 1,5 juta, meningkat dari 850.000 pada tahun 1999 dan 1,1 juta pada tahun 2003 . [48] Persentase dari penduduk usia sekolah yang dididik di rumah meningkat dari 1,7 persen pada tahun 1999 menjadi 2,9 persen pada tahun 2007. The increase in the percentage of homeschooled students from 1999 to 2007 represents a 74 percent relative increase over the 8-year period and a 36 percent relative increase since 2003. Peningkatan persentase siswa belajar di rumah 1999-2007 merupakan peningkatan 74 persen relatif selama periode 8-tahun dan meningkat relatif 36 persen sejak tahun 2003. In 2007, the majority of homeschooled students received all of their education at home (84 percent), but some attended school up to 25 hours per week. Pada tahun 2007, sebagian besar siswa belajar di rumah menerima seluruh pendidikan mereka di rumah (84 persen), tetapi beberapa sekolah yang dihadiri sampai 25 jam per minggu. [ edit ] Asia [ sunting ] Asia
[ edit ] People's Republic of China [ sunting ] Republik Rakyat Cina
Status: Deemed illegal for citizens, but no restrictions for foreign students. Status: Dianggap ilegal bagi warga, tetapi tidak ada pembatasan bagi siswa asing.
There are no accurate statistics on homeschooling in the People's Republic of China . [ citation needed ] Tidak ada statistik yang akurat mengenai homeschooling di Republik Rakyat Cina . [ rujukan? ] The Compulsory Education Law states that the community, schools and families shall safeguard the right to compulsory education of school-age children and adolescents, and, compulsory education is defined as attending a school, which is holding a schooling licence granted by the government. UU Pendidikan Wajib menyatakan bahwa masyarakat, sekolah dan keluarga harus melindungi hak atas pendidikan wajib anak usia sekolah dan remaja, dan, wajib belajar didefinisikan sebagai menghadiri sebuah sekolah, yang sedang memegang sebuah sekolah lisensi yang diberikan oleh pemerintah. Therefore, homeschooling is deemed to be illegal. Oleh karena itu, homeschooling dianggap ilegal. The law does not apply to non-citizen children (those with foreign passports). [ citation needed ] Hukum tidak berlaku untuk anak-anak non-warga negara (mereka yang dengan paspor asing). [ rujukan? ]
However, due to the large population of hundreds of millions of migration workers, alongside with their children, it rarely happens that the government inspects if a child is attending a licensed school or not. Namun, karena populasi besar ratusan juta pekerja migrasi, bersama dengan anak-anak mereka, hal itu jarang terjadi bahwa pemerintah memeriksa jika seorang anak menghadiri sekolah berlisensi atau tidak. Thus there usually is no punishment to parents who homeschool their children. [ citation needed ] Dengan demikian, ada biasanya ada hukuman untuk orang tua yang anaknya homeschool [. rujukan? ]
It should be noted that in many cases children are unable to attend school due to economic difficulties, as compulsory education offered by local governments is not always free. Perlu dicatat bahwa dalam banyak kasus anak-anak tidak dapat bersekolah karena kesulitan ekonomi, sebagai pendidikan wajib ditawarkan oleh pemerintah daerah tidak selalu gratis.
An organization called Shanghai Home-School Association was launched in September 2003. [ 49 ] Sebuah organisasi bernama Shanghai Home-School Asosiasi diluncurkan pada bulan September 2003. [49]
[ edit ] Hong Kong [ sunting ] Hong Kong
Status: Illegal Status: Ilegal
Attendance at school is compulsory and free for students aged six to fifteen in Hong Kong. Kehadiran di sekolah adalah wajib dan gratis bagi siswa berusia 6-15 di Hong Kong. Parents who fail to send their children to school can be jailed for 3 months and fined HK$10000. Orangtua yang gagal untuk mengirim anak-anak mereka ke sekolah dapat dipenjara selama 3 bulan dan denda HK $ 10000. In 2000, a man named Leung Jigwong (梁志光) disagreed with Hong Kong's education policy and refused to send his 9-year-old daughter to school. Pada tahun 2000, seorang pria bernama Leung Jigwong (梁志光) tidak setuju dengan kebijakan pendidikan Hong Kong dan menolak untuk mengirim putrinya 9 tahun ke sekolah. Instead, he taught her Chinese, English, French, Mathematics and The Art of War at home. Sebaliknya, ia mengajar Cina nya, Inggris, Perancis, Matematika dan The Art of War di rumah. After 2.5 years of discussion, the Education Department finally served an "attendance order" on him and his child was required to attend a normal school. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Setelah 2,5 tahun diskusi, Departemen Pendidikan akhirnya menjadi sebuah "order kehadiran" pada dia dan anaknya diminta untuk menghadiri sekolah biasa. [50] [51] [52] [ edit ] India [ sunting ] India
Further information: Homeschooling and Alternative Education in India Informasi lebih lanjut: Homeschooling dan Pendidikan Alternatif di India
[ edit ] Japan [ sunting ] Jepang
The legal position is complex; as homeschooling is uncommon, local officials may claim it is illegal but this is not actually the case. [ 53 ] Over 100,000 children refuse school, but the number of homeschoolers is much smaller, though it is increasing. Posisi hukum yang kompleks, seperti homeschooling tidak umum, para pejabat lokal dapat mengklaim itu adalah ilegal tetapi hal ini tidak benar-benar terjadi. [53] Lebih dari 100.000 anak-anak menolak sekolah, tetapi jumlah homeschoolers jauh lebih kecil, meskipun meningkat.[ edit ] Indonesia [ sunting ] Indonesia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling in Indonesia ( Indonesian : Pendidikan Rumah ) is regulated under National Education System 2003 under division of informal education. [ 54 ] This enables the children of Homeschooling to attend an equal National Tests to obtain an "Equivalent Certificate". [ 55 ] The homeschooling is recently becoming a trend in upper-middle to upper class families with highly educated parents with capability to provide better tutoring [ 56 ] or expatriate families living far away from International School. Homeschooling di Indonesia ( bahasa Indonesia : Pendidikan Rumah) diatur dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional 2003 dibawah divisi pendidikan informal. [54] Hal ini memungkinkan anak-anak Homeschooling untuk menghadiri Nasional Tes sama untuk mendapatkan "Sertifikat Setara". [55] homeschooling The baru-baru ini menjadi tren di atas keluarga kelas menengah ke atas dengan orangtua yang berpendidikan tinggi dengan kemampuan untuk memberikan yang lebih baik les [56] atau ekspatriat keluarga yang tinggal jauh dari International School. Since 2007 the Indonesia's National Education Department took efforts in providing Training for Homeschooling Tutors and Learning Media [ 57 ] even though the existence of this community is still disputed by other Non Formal education operators. [ 58 ] school. Sejak tahun 2007 di Indonesia Departemen Pendidikan Nasional mengambil upaya dalam memberikan Pelatihan Tutor Homeschooling dan Media Pembelajaran [57] meskipun adanya komunitas ini masih diperdebatkan oleh operator lain non pendidikan formal. [58] sekolah. [ edit ] Republic of China (Taiwan) [ sunting ] Republik China (Taiwan)
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling in Taiwan, Republic of China is legally recognized since 1982 [ 59 ] and regulated as a possible form of special education since 1997. [ 60 ] Homeschooling di Taiwan, Republik Cina secara hukum diakui sejak tahun 1982 [59] diatur sebagai suatu kemungkinan bentuk khusus sejak tahun 1997 dan pendidikan. [60] [ edit ] Europe [ sunting ] Eropa
[ edit ] Austria [ sunting ] Austria
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling is legal in Austria. Homeschooling legal di Austria. However, every homeschooled child is required to take an exam, administered four times per year, to ensure that he or she is being educated at an appropriate level. Namun, setiap anak belajar di rumah diwajibkan untuk mengikuti ujian, diberikan empat kali per tahun, untuk memastikan bahwa ia sedang dididik di tingkat yang sesuai. If the child fails the test, he or she must attend a state school the following year. [ 37 ] Jika anak gagal ujian, ia harus menghadiri sekolah negeri pada tahun berikutnya. [37] [ edit ] Belgium [ sunting ] Belgia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Children have to be registered as home-educated. Anak-anak harus terdaftar sebagai rumah-terdidik. In Wallonia, the French-speaking part of the country, they are tested at 8, 10, 12, and 14. [ citation needed ] Di Wallonia, yang berbahasa Perancis bagian negara, mereka diuji pada 8, 10, 12, dan 14. [ rujukan? ] The tests are new and there is still a lot of confusion on the tests and the legal situation around them. Pengujian baru dan masih ada banyak kebingungan pada tes dan situasi hukum di sekitar mereka. In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of the country, the law is different: the tests are optional. Di Flanders, bagian yang berbahasa Belanda negara, hukum berbeda: tes adalah opsional.
[ edit ] Croatia [ sunting ] Kroasia
Status: Illegal [ citation needed ] Status: Ilegal [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Czech Republic [ sunting ] Republik Ceko
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling has been legal since 2005. [ citation needed ] Homeschooling telah hukum sejak tahun 2005. [ rujukan? ] [ edit ] Denmark [ sunting ] Denmark
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
It follows from § 76 in the Danish constitution that homeschooling is legal. [ 61 ] Ini mengikuti dari § 76 dalam konstitusi Denmark yang homeschooling adalah legal. [61] [ edit ] Finland [ sunting ] Finlandia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
In Finland homeschooling is legal but unusual. Di Finlandia homeschooling adalah legal namun luar biasa. The parents are responsible for the child getting the compulsory education and the advancements are supervised by the home municipality. Orang tua bertanggung jawab untuk anak mendapatkan pendidikan wajib dan kemajuan diawasi oleh kota rumah. The parents have the same freedom to make up their own curriculum as the municipalities have regarding the school, only national guiding principles of the curriculum have to be followed. Orang tua memiliki kebebasan yang sama untuk membuat kurikulum sendiri sebagai Kota dengan tentang sekolah, hanya prinsip kurikulum nasional harus diikuti. Choosing homeschooling means that the municipality is not obliged to offer school books, health care at school, free lunches or other privileges prescribed by the law on primary education, but the ministry of education reminds they may be offered. Memilih homeschooling berarti bahwa kota tidak berkewajiban untuk menawarkan buku sekolah, layanan kesehatan di sekolah, makan siang gratis atau hak lain yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang tentang pendidikan dasar, tetapi kementerian pendidikan mengingatkan mereka mungkin ditawarkan. The parents should be informed of the consequences of the choice and the arrangements should be discussed. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Orang tua harus diberitahu tentang konsekuensi dari pilihan dan pengaturan harus dibicarakan. [62] [63]
[ edit ] France [ sunting ] Perancis
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
In France, homeschooling is legal and requires the child to be registered with two authorities, the 'Inspection Académique' and the local town hall (Mairie). Di Perancis, homeschooling adalah legal dan membutuhkan anak untuk didaftarkan dengan dua otoritas, yang 'Académique Inspeksi' dan balai kota setempat (Mairie). Children between the ages of 6 and 16 who are not enrolled in recognized correspondence courses are subject to annual inspection. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Anak-anak berusia antara 6 dan 16 yang tidak terdaftar dalam kursus korespondensi diakui dikenakan pemeriksaan tahunan. [64] [65] The inspection is carried out to check that the child's knowledge has progressed as a comparison from the previous inspection; sometimes it involves written tests, though those are illegal, in both French and Mathematics, the first of which is used as a benchmark to check what level the child is. Inspeksi dilakukan untuk memeriksa bahwa pengetahuan anak telah berkembang sebagai pembanding dari pemeriksaan sebelumnya, kadang-kadang melibatkan tes tertulis, meskipun mereka adalah ilegal, dalam bahasa Perancis dan Matematika, yang pertama digunakan sebagai patokan untuk memeriksa apa tingkat anak. The tests are carried out with the anticipation that the child will progress in ability as she/he ages, thus they are designed to measure development with age, rather than as a comparison to say a school child of a similar age. [ citation needed ] Pengujian dilakukan dengan harapan bahwa anak akan kemajuan dalam kemampuan sebagai / dia usia dia, sehingga mereka dirancang untuk mengukur perkembangan dengan usia, bukan sebagai perbandingan untuk mengatakan seorang anak sekolah usia yang sama. [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Germany [ sunting ] Jerman
Further information: Homeschooling in Germany Informasi lebih lanjut: Homeschooling di Jerman
Status: Illegal Status: Ilegal
Homeschooling is illegal in Germany (with rare exceptions). Homeschooling adalah ilegal di Jerman (dengan pengecualian jarang). Children cannot be exempted from formal school attendance on religious grounds. Anak-anak tidak dapat dibebaskan dari kehadiran di sekolah formal dengan alasan agama. The requirement for children from an age of about 6 years through the age of 16 to attend school has been upheld, on challenge from parents, by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany . Persyaratan untuk anak-anak dari usia sekitar 6 tahun melalui usia 16 untuk menghadiri sekolah telah ditegakkan, pada tantangan dari orang tua, oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi Federal Jerman . Penalties against parents who force their children to break the mandatory attendance laws may include fines (around €5,000), actions to revoke the parents' custody of their children, and jail time. Hukuman terhadap orang tua yang memaksa anak-anak mereka untuk melanggar undang-undang kehadiran wajib mungkin termasuk denda (sekitar € 5.000), tindakan untuk mencabut tahanan orang tua 'anak-anak mereka, dan waktu penjara. Some parents of a Baptist and evangelical background have objected to the rule on the grounds of the secular education received in state schools, and what they see as anti-Christian teaching. Beberapa orangtua dari Baptis Injili latar belakang dan memiliki keberatan terhadap aturan tersebut atas dasar pendidikan sekuler yang diterima di sekolah negeri, dan apa yang mereka lihat sebagai anti-Kristen mengajar. At least one family has sought and received political asylum in the United States as a result. [ 66 ] Setidaknya satu keluarga telah mencari dan menerima suaka politik di Amerika Serikat sebagai hasilnya. [66]
[ edit ] Greece [ sunting ] Yunani
Status: Illegal [ citation needed ] Status: Ilegal [ rujukan? ]
[ edit ] Hungary [ sunting ] Hungaria
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
The Hungarian laws allow homeschoolers to teach their children as private students at home as long as they generally follow the state curriculum and have children examined twice a year. Undang-undang Hungaria memungkinkan homeschoolers untuk mengajar anak-anak mereka sebagai mahasiswa pribadi di rumah selama mereka umumnya mengikuti kurikulum negara dan memiliki anak diperiksa dua kali setahun. [ edit ] Republic of Ireland [ sunting ] Republik Irlandia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
From 2004 to 2006, 225 children had been officially registered with the Republic of Ireland 's National Education Welfare Board , which estimated there may be as many as 1500–2000 more unregistered homeschoolers. [ 67 ] The right to a home education is guaranteed by the Constitution of Ireland . [ 68 ] Dari tahun 2004 hingga 2006, 225 anak-anak telah resmi terdaftar di Republik Irlandia 's Dewan Pendidikan Nasional Kesejahteraan , yang diperkirakan mungkin ada sebanyak 1500-2000 homeschoolers tidak terdaftar lebih. [67] Hak untuk mendapatkan pendidikan rumah dijamin oleh dengan Konstitusi Irlandia . [68] [ edit ] Italy [ sunting ] Italia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
In Italy, homeschooling (called Istruzione parentale in Italian ) is legal but not common: children must be registered to the school where they will take their final exams, and parents must justify their decision to homeschool their children at the beginning of every year. [ 69 ] Di Italia, homeschooling (disebut parentale Istruzione di Italia ) adalah hukum tetapi tidak umum: anak harus didaftarkan ke sekolah di mana mereka akan mengambil ujian akhir mereka, dan orangtua harus membenarkan keputusan mereka untuk mereka anak-anak homeschool pada awal setiap tahun. [ 69] [ edit ] Netherlands [ sunting ] Belanda
Status: Generally Illegal Status: Umumnya Ilegal
In the Netherlands every child is subject to compulsory education from his/her fifth birthday. Di Belanda setiap anak dikenakan wajib belajar dari / ulang tahunnya yang kelima. The exemptions are extended on the basis of a clause in the law exempting parents from sending their child to school if they object to the "direction" of the education of all schools within a reasonable distance to their home. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Pengecualian diperluas atas dasar klausa dalam hukum membebaskan orang tua dari mengirim anak mereka ke sekolah jika mereka keberatan dengan "arah" dari pendidikan semua sekolah dalam jarak yang wajar untuk rumah mereka. [70] [71] [ edit ] Norway [ sunting ] Norwegia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling is legal. [ 72 ] Homeschooling adalah legal. [72] [ edit ] Poland [ sunting ] Polandia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling is only allowed on highly regulated terms. Homeschooling hanya diperbolehkan dengan persyaratan yang sangat diatur. Every child must be enrolled in a public school, but with school principal may but is not obliged to allow homeschooling. Setiap anak harus terdaftar di sekolah umum, tapi dengan kepala sekolah mungkin namun tidak berkewajiban untuk memungkinkan homeschooling. Homeschooled children are required to pass annual exams covering material in school curriculum, and failure on an exam automatically withdraws homeschooling permit. [ 73 ] anak-anak belajar di rumah yang diperlukan untuk lulus ujian tahunan yang mencakup materi dalam kurikulum sekolah, dan kegagalan pada ujian secara otomatis menarik homeschooling izin. [73] [ edit ] Portugal [ sunting ] Portugal
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling is legal. [ 74 ] Homeschooling adalah legal. [74] [ edit ] Russia [ sunting ] Rusia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
The number of homeschoolers in Russia has tripled since 1994 to approximately 1 million. [ citation needed ] Russian homeschoolers are attached to an educational institution where they have the right to access textbooks and teacher support, and where they pass periodic appraisals of their work. Jumlah homeschoolers di Rusia telah tiga kali lipat sejak tahun 1994 menjadi sekitar 1 juta [. rujukan? ] homeschoolers Rusia melekat pada sebuah institusi pendidikan di mana mereka memiliki hak untuk buku teks akses dan dukungan guru, dan di mana mereka lulus penilaian secara periodik terhadap pekerjaan mereka. The State is obliged to pay the parents cash equal to the cost of educating the child at the municipal school. [ citation needed ] Negara berkewajiban untuk membayar uang tunai orang tua sama dengan biaya mendidik anak di sekolah kota. [ rujukan? ] [ edit ] Slovenia [ sunting ] Slovenia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
The number of people homeschooling in Slovenia has been increasing over the years. [ 75 ] The Slovenian term for homeschooling is "izobraževanje na domu". Jumlah homeschooling orang di Slovenia telah meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. [75] Istilah Slovenia untuk homeschooling adalah "Domu izobraževanje na". [ edit ] Slovak Republic [ sunting ] Republik Slovakia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Homeschooling is legal with obstacles in Slovak Republic . Homeschooling adalah legal dengan hambatan dalam Republik Slovakia . Child's tutor is required to have a degree with major in primary school education. [ 76 ] Teman-guru Anak diwajibkan untuk memiliki gelar dengan besar dalam pendidikan sekolah dasar. [76] [ edit ] Spain [ sunting ] Spanyol
Status: Illegal Status: Ilegal
According to the recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court (STC 133/2010, of 2 December) [9] there is in Spain mandatory school attendance (Sec. 4.2 Organic Law on Education 2/2006, of 3 May) [10] , and no lack of regulation of homeschooling. Menurut keputusan terbaru dari Spanyol Mahkamah Konstitusi (STC 133 / 2010, 2 Desember) [9] ada di sekolah kehadiran wajib Spanyol (Sec. 4.2 Organik Pendidikan UU 2 / 2006, 3 Mei) [10] , dan tidak kekurangan peraturan homeschooling. Therefore Homeschooling may be regarded illegal by the law and is not granted by the constitutional right of parents to choose the moral and religious education of their preference for their children. Oleh karena itu Homeschooling dapat dianggap ilegal oleh hukum dan tidak diberikan oleh hak konstitusional orang tua untuk memilih pendidikan moral dan agama preferensi mereka untuk anak-anak mereka. The regional government of Catalonia announced in the article 55 of its 2009 education law the right of "education without attendance to school". [ 77 ] However the regulation of that right hasn't yet been developed. Pemerintah daerah Catalonia diumumkan dalam pasal 55 hukumnya pendidikan 2009, kanan "pendidikan tanpa kehadiran ke sekolah". [77] Namun ketentuan hak yang belum dikembangkan. As far as it could not contradict education law passed by the national parliament, this right of catalonian law could only refer to the pupils that cannot attend regularly to school, that may have a special attention and help in order to grant them their education right (Sec. 3.9 Organic Law on Education 2/2006) [11] . Sejauh yang tidak dapat bertentangan dengan hukum pendidikan disahkan oleh parlemen nasional, hak hukum Catalonia hanya bisa mengacu pada murid yang tidak bisa hadir secara rutin ke sekolah, yang mungkin memiliki perhatian khusus dan membantu dalam rangka untuk memberikan mereka hak pendidikan mereka ( 3.9 Sec Undang-Undang Organik. tentang Pendidikan 2 / 2006) [11] . [ edit ] Sweden [ sunting ] Swedia
Status: Rarely allowed Status: Jarang diperbolehkan
Children have to attend school from the age of 7. Anak-anak harus menghadiri sekolah dari usia 7. Homeschooling as an afterschool activity is allowed when attending school. [ 78 ] Homeschooling sebagai kegiatan afterschool diperbolehkan saat menghadiri sekolah. [78] It is not technically illegal. Ini bukan teknis ilegal. It is, however, very difficult to get approved by the county in which one lives. Namun demikian, sangat sulit untuk mendapatkan disetujui oleh daerah di mana satu hidup. Stockholm is in general more difficult to get approval than elsewhere in the country. Stockholm pada umumnya lebih sulit untuk mendapatkan persetujuan daripada di tempat lain di negara ini. Sweden has 2010 approved a law (SFS 2010:800) that restricts homeschooling even further, requiring special reasons, like foreign parents temporarily working in Sweden, but not religious beliefs. Swedia 2010 menyetujui undang-undang (SFS 2010:800) yang membatasi homeschooling lebih jauh, memerlukan alasan khusus, seperti orang tua asing yang sementara bekerja di Swedia, tetapi tidak keyakinan agama. A recent court case has supported restrictions on parents, even those with teacher-training, to educate their own child. [ 79 ] Kasus pengadilan terakhir telah mendukung pembatasan pada orangtua, bahkan mereka dengan guru-pelatihan, untuk mendidik anak mereka sendiri. [79]
[ edit ] Switzerland [ sunting ] Swiss
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Requirements vary from Canton to Canton. Persyaratan bervariasi dari Kanton ke Kanton. Over 200 families currently homeschool [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Lebih dari 200 keluarga saat ini homeschool [80] [81] [ edit ] Turkey [ sunting ] Turki
Status: Illegal Status: Ilegal
In the Republic of Turkey , all children are required to be registered in state or private school so as to be in compliance with the National Education Basic Law (No. 1739, 06-14-1973, Article 22). [ 82 ] Distance education is also available through Turkey's national television channels. [ 82 ] Through this particular option, students go to a particular test site and take examinations based on what they have studied. [ 82 ] In Turkey, parents who fail to send their children to school are charged as criminals, which at times may result in their incarceration. [ 82 ] Due to the above legal constraints, Turkish parents face a great deal of difficulty in pursuing homeschooling for their children. [ 82 ] Di Republik Turki , semua anak harus terdaftar di sekolah negeri atau swasta sehingga harus sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Dasar Pendidikan Nasional (No. 1739, 1973/06/14, Pasal 22). [82] pendidikan jarak jauh juga tersedia melalui nasional televisi saluran Turki. [82] Melalui pilihan tertentu, siswa masuk ke situs tes tertentu dan mengambil ujian berdasarkan apa yang mereka telah mempelajari. [82] Di Turki, orang tua yang gagal untuk mengirim anak-anak mereka ke sekolah adalah dibebankan sebagai kriminal, yang kadang-kadang dapat menyebabkan penahanan mereka. [82] Karena kendala hukum di atas, orang tua Turki menghadapi banyak kesulitan dalam mengejar homeschooling untuk anak-anak mereka. [82] [ edit ] Ukraine [ sunting ] Ukraina
Status: Disputed Status: Dipersoalkan
The Home School Legal Defense Association claims that homeschooling is legal and expressly allowed for in Ukraine's Education Law, but local authorities do not always agree. [ 83 ] Home Sekolah Dasar Hukum Pertahanan mengklaim bahwa homeschooling adalah legal dan tegas diperbolehkan dalam UU Pendidikan Ukraina, tetapi pemerintah daerah tidak selalu setuju. [83] Homeschooling is mentioned swiftly in The Law of Ukraine on Education , article 59: Homeschooling disebutkan cepat dalam Hukum Ukraina tentang Pendidikan, pasal 59:
Parents and persons who substitute them shall be obliged to assist children to get education in educational institutions or provide them with full-value home education in accordance with the requirements to its content, level and scope. [ 84 ] Orang tua dan orang yang menggantikan mereka wajib untuk membantu anak-anak untuk mendapatkan pendidikan di lembaga pendidikan atau menyediakan mereka dengan penuh-nilai pendidikan rumah sesuai dengan persyaratan untuk tingkat, yang konten dan cakupan. [84]
[ edit ] United Kingdom [ edit ] United Kingdom
See also: Home education Lihat juga: pendidikan Depan
Status: Officially Legal ( England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own education laws each with slight variations regarding education otherwise than at school.) Status: Secara resmi Hukum ( Inggris dan Wales , Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara memiliki undang-undang pendidikan mereka sendiri masing-masing dengan sedikit variasi tentang pendidikan selain di sekolah.)
Education provided outside a formal school system is primarily known as Home Education within the United Kingdom, the term Homeschooling is occasionally used for those following a formal, structured style of education – literally schooling at home. Pendidikan yang diberikan di luar sistem sekolah formal terutama dikenal sebagai Home Pendidikan di Inggris, istilah Homeschooling kadang-kadang digunakan untuk yang mengikuti gaya, formal terstruktur pendidikan - secara harfiah persekolahan di rumah. To distinguish between those who are educated outside of school from necessity (eg from ill health, or a working child actor) and those who actively reject schooling as a suitable means of education the term Elective Home Education is used. [ 85 ] Untuk membedakan antara mereka yang dididik di luar sekolah dari kebutuhan (misalnya dari kesehatan yang buruk, atau aktor anak bekerja) dan mereka yang aktif menolak sekolah sebagai sarana pendidikan yang cocok Pilihan jangka Home Pendidikan yang digunakan. [85] The Badman Review in 2009 stated that "approximately 20,000 home educated children and young people are known to local authorities, estimates vary as to the real number which could be in excess of 80,000." [ 86 ] The Review Badman pada tahun 2009 menyatakan bahwa "sekitar 20.000 rumah anak-anak dididik dan remaja diketahui pemerintah daerah, perkiraan bervariasi seperti untuk bilangan real yang bisa lebih dari 80.000." [86]
[ edit ] Oceania [ sunting ] Oseania
[ edit ] Australia [ sunting ] Australia
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
The Australian census does not track homeschooling families, but Philip Strange of Home Education Association, Inc. very roughly estimates 15,000. [ 87 ] In 1995, Roland Meighan of Nottingham School of Education estimated some 20,000 families homeschooling in Australia. [ 45 ] Sensus Australia tidak melacak keluarga homeschooling, tapi Philip Strange Home Education Association, Inc sangat kasar perkiraan 15.000. [87] Pada tahun 1995, Roland Meighan of Nottingham School of Education diperkirakan beberapa keluarga homeschooling 20.000 di Australia. [45] In 2006, Victoria passed legislation [ 88 ] requiring the registration of children up to the age of 16 and increasing the school leaving age to 16 from the previous 15, undertaking home education (registration is optional for those age of 16–17 but highly recommended). Pada tahun 2006, Victoria mengesahkan undang-undang [88] yang membutuhkan pendaftaran anak-anak sampai usia 16 tahun dan meningkatkan meninggalkan usia sekolah sampai 16 dari 15 sebelumnya, melakukan pendidikan rumah (pendaftaran bersifat opsional bagi mereka yang usia 16-17, tetapi sangat dianjurkan ). The Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority (VRQA) is the registering body. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Victoria Pendaftaran dan Qualifications Authority (VRQA) adalah badan mendaftar. [89] [90]
[ edit ] New Zealand [ sunting ] Selandia Baru
Status: Legal Status: Hukum
Karl M. Bunday cites the New Zealand TV program "Sixty Minutes" (unrelated to the US program), as stating in 1996 that there were 7,000 school-age children being homeschooled. [ 91 ] Philip Strange of the Australian Home Education Association Inc. quotes "5274 registered home educated students in 3001 families" in 1998 from the New Zealand Ministry of Education. [ 87 ] Karl M. Bunday mengutip Selandia Baru program TV "Enam puluh Menit" (tidak berhubungan dengan program AS), seperti pada tahun 1996 menyatakan bahwa terdapat 7.000 anak usia sekolah yang belajar di rumah. [91] Philip Aneh Pendidikan Home Australian Association Inc mengutip "5274 berpendidikan rumah siswa yang terdaftar di 3001 keluarga" pada tahun 1998 dari Selandia Baru Departemen Pendidikan. [87] "At 1 July 2007 there were 6,473 homeschooled students recorded on the Ministry of Education's homeschooling database, which represents less than one per cent of total school enrolments at July 2007. These students belonged to 3,349 families." [ 92 ] "Pada 1 Juli 2007 terdapat 6.473 siswa yang belajar di rumah tercatat pada Departemen Pendidikan homeschooling database, yang mewakili kurang dari satu persen dari total pendaftaran sekolah pada Juli 2007.. Para mahasiswa ini milik 3.349 keluarga" [92]
[ edit ] Supportive research [ sunting ] Penelitian Pendukung
The studies cited in this section have been criticised for selection bias and other problems, see below: Criticism of supportive achievement studies . Penelitian dikutip dalam bagian ini telah dikritik karena bias seleksi dan masalah lain, lihat di bawah: Kritik studi prestasi mendukung .
[ edit ] Test results [ sunting ] Hasil pengujian
Figure 2. Homeschool Students Compared to the National Norm Group in Grade Equivalent Units, Scholastic Achievement and Demographic Characteristics of Homeschool Students in 1998 , Lawrence M. Rudner, University of Maryland, College Park. Gambar 2. Siswa Homeschool Dibandingkan dengan Grup Norma Nasional di Unit Setara Grade, Prestasi Scholastic dan Karakteristik Demografi Mahasiswa Homeschool pada tahun 1998, Lawrence M. Rudner, University of Maryland, College Park. From Education Policy Analysis Archives Dari Analisis Kebijakan Pendidikan Archives
Figure 1. Gambar 1. Academic Achievement of Homeschool, Catholic/Private and the Nation's Students, Scholastic Achievement and Demographic Characteristics of Homeschool Students in 1998 , Lawrence M. Rudner, University of Maryland, College Park. Prestasi Akademik Homeschool, Katolik / Swasta dan Nation's Siswa tersebut, Prestasi Scholastic dan Karakteristik Demografi Mahasiswa Homeschool pada tahun 1998, Lawrence M. Rudner, University of Maryland, College Park. From Education Policy Analysis Archives Dari Analisis Kebijakan Pendidikan Archives
Numerous studies have found that homeschooled students on average outperform their peers on standardized tests. [ 93 ] Homeschooling Achievement , a study conducted by National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI), supported the academic integrity of homeschooling. Sejumlah penelitian telah menemukan bahwa siswa belajar di rumah rata-rata mengalahkan rekan-rekan mereka pada tes standar. [93] Prestasi Homeschooling, sebuah studi yang dilakukan oleh National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI), mendukung integritas akademik homeschooling. Among the homeschooled students who took the tests, the average homeschooled student outperformed his public school peers by 30 to 37 percentile points across all subjects. Di antara para siswa belajar di rumah yang mengambil tes, siswa belajar di rumah rata-rata mengungguli rekan publik sekolah 30 sampai 37 poin persentil di semua mata pelajaran. The study also indicates that public school performance gaps between minorities and genders were virtually non-existent among the homeschooled students who took the tests. [ 94 ] Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan kinerja sekolah umum antara minoritas dan jenis kelamin yang hampir tidak ada di kalangan mahasiswa belajar di rumah yang mengambil tes. [94] [ edit ] Social research [ sunting ] Penelitian Sosial
In the 1970s Raymond S. and Dorothy N. Moore conducted four federally funded analyses of more than 8,000 early childhood studies, from which they published their original findings in Better Late Than Early , 1975. Pada 1970-an S. Raymond dan Dorothy Moore N. dilakukan empat didanai analisis federal lebih dari 8.000 penelitian anak usia dini, dari mana mereka menerbitkan temuan asli mereka di Better Than Awal Akhir, 1975. This was followed by School Can Wait , a repackaging of these same findings designed specifically for educational professionals. [ 95 ] Their analysis concluded that, "where possible, children should be withheld from formal schooling until at least ages eight to ten." Hal ini diikuti oleh Sekolah Bisa Tunggu, sebuah pengemasan ulang temuan yang sama ini dirancang khusus bagi para profesional pendidikan. [95] Analisis mereka menyimpulkan bahwa, "mana mungkin, anak-anak harus ditahan dari sekolah formal sampai pada usia setidaknya delapan sampai sepuluh."Their reason was that children, "are not mature enough for formal school programs until their senses, coordination, neurological development and cognition are ready." Alasannya adalah bahwa anak-anak, "tidak cukup matang untuk program-program sekolah formal sampai indra mereka, koordinasi, perkembangan neurologis dan kognisi siap." They concluded that the outcome of forcing children into formal schooling is a sequence of "1) uncertainty as the child leaves the family nest early for a less secure environment, 2) puzzlement at the new pressures and restrictions of the classroom, 3) frustration because unready learning tools – senses, cognition, brain hemispheres, coordination – cannot handle the regimentation of formal lessons and the pressures they bring, 4) hyperactivity growing out of nerves and jitter, from frustration, 5) failure which quite naturally flows from the four experiences above, and 6) delinquency which is failure's twin and apparently for the same reason." [ 96 ] According to the Moores, "early formal schooling is burning out our children. Teachers who attempt to cope with these youngsters also are burning out." [ 96 ] Aside from academic performance, they think early formal schooling also destroys "positive sociability", encourages peer dependence, and discourages self worth, optimism, respect for parents, and trust in peers. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa hasil dari memaksa anak-anak ke sekolah formal adalah urutan dari "1) ketidakpastian sebagai anak meninggalkan sarang keluarga awal untuk lingkungan yang kurang aman, 2) bingung pada tekanan baru dan pembatasan kelas, 3) frustasi karena alat belajar tidak siap - indra, kognisi, belahan otak, koordinasi - tidak bisa menangani regimentasi pelajaran formal dan tekanan yang mereka bawa, 4) hiperaktif tumbuh keluar dari saraf dan jitter, dari frustrasi, 5) kegagalan yang cukup alami mengalir dari empat pengalaman di atas, dan 6) kenakalan yang's kembar kegagalan dan tampaknya untuk alasan yang sama ". [96] Menurut Moores, "sekolah formal awal terbakar keluar anak-anak kita. Guru yang mencoba untuk mengatasi anak-anak ini juga terbakar habis." [96] Selain dari prestasi akademis, mereka berpikir awal sekolah formal juga menghancurkan "keramahan positif", mendorong ketergantungan peer, dan menghambat nilai diri, optimisme, menghargai orang tua, dan kepercayaan pada rekan. They believe this situation is particularly acute for boys because of their delay in maturity. Mereka percaya situasi ini sangat akut bagi anak laki-laki karena keterlambatan mereka dalam kedewasaan. The Moores cited a Smithsonian Report on the development of genius, indicating a requirement for "1) much time spent with warm, responsive parents and other adults, 2) very little time spent with peers, and 3) a great deal of free exploration under parental guidance." [ 96 ] Their analysis suggested that children need "more of home and less of formal school" "more free exploration with... parents, and fewer limits of classroom and books," and "more old fashioned chores – children working with parents – and less attention to rivalry sports and amusements." [ 96 ] The Moores mengutip Laporan Smithsonian pada pengembangan jenius, menunjukkan kebutuhan untuk "1) banyak waktu yang dihabiskan dengan hangat, orang tua responsif dan orang dewasa lainnya, 2) sedikit waktu yang dihabiskan dengan teman sebaya, dan 3) banyak eksplorasi gratis di bawah bimbingan orang tua ". [96] Analisis mereka menyarankan bahwa anak-anak membutuhkan "lebih dari rumah dan kurang dari sekolah formal" "bebas eksplorasi lebih dengan ... orang tua, dan batasan lebih sedikit kelas dan buku," dan "gaya pekerjaan lebih tua - anak bekerja dengan orang tua - dan kurang memperhatikan persaingan olahraga dan hiburan ". [96]
John Taylor later found, using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, "while half of the conventionally schooled children scored at or below the 50th percentile (in self-concept), only 10.3% of the home-schooling children did so." [ 97 ] He further stated that "the self-concept of home-schooling children is significantly higher (and very much so statistically) than that of children attending the conventional school. This has implications in the areas of academic achievement and socialization, to mention only two. These areas have been found to parallel self-concept. Regarding socialization, Taylor's results would mean that very few home-schooling children are socially deprived. He states that critics who speak out against homeschooling on the basis of social deprivation are actually addressing an area which favors homeschoolers. [ 97 ] John Taylor kemudian ditemukan, menggunakan Diri Anak Piers-Harris-Konsep Skala, "sementara separuh dari anak-anak secara konvensional dididik mencetak gol pada atau di bawah persentil ke-50 (dalam konsep diri), hanya 10,3% dari anak-anak home-schooling melakukannya. " [97] Dia lebih lanjut menyatakan bahwa "konsep-diri-sekolah anak-anak di rumah secara signifikan lebih tinggi (dan sangat banyak sehingga statistik) dibandingkan anak menghadiri sekolah konvensional. Hal ini memiliki implikasi di bidang prestasi akademis dan sosialisasi, untuk menyebutkan hanya dua ini daerah telah ditemukan untuk paralel konsep-diri.. Mengenai sosialisasi, hasil Taylor akan berarti bahwa sangat sedikit rumah-sekolah anak-anak secara sosial dirampas. Ia menyatakan bahwa kritik yang berbicara menentang homeschooling atas dasar kekurangan sosial sebenarnya pengalamatan suatu daerah yang nikmat homeschoolers. [97]
In 2003, the National Home Education Research Institute conducted a survey of 7,300 US adults who had been homeschooled (5,000 for more than seven years). Pada tahun 2003, National Home Education Research Institute melakukan survei terhadap 7.300 orang dewasa AS yang telah belajar di rumah (5.000 selama lebih dari tujuh tahun). Their findings included: Temuan mereka termasuk:
· Homeschool graduates are active and involved in their communities. lulusan Homeschool aktif dan terlibat dalam komunitas mereka. 71% participate in an ongoing community service activity, like coaching a sports team, volunteering at a school, or working with a church or neighborhood association, compared with 37% of US adults of similar ages from a traditional education background. 71% berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan pelayanan masyarakat yang sedang berlangsung, seperti pembinaan tim olahraga, sukarelawan di sekolah, atau bekerja dengan asosiasi gereja atau lingkungan, dibandingkan dengan 37% orang dewasa Amerika yang berusia sama dari latar belakang pendidikan tradisional.
· Homeschool graduates are more involved in civic affairs and vote in much higher percentages than their peers. lulusan homeschool lebih terlibat dalam urusan sipil dan memberikan suara dalam persentase lebih tinggi daripada rekan-rekan mereka. 76% of those surveyed between the ages of 18 and 24 voted within the last five years, compared with only 29% of the corresponding US populace. 76% dari mereka yang disurvei berusia antara 18 dan 24 suara dalam lima tahun terakhir, dibandingkan dengan hanya 29% dari rakyat AS yang sesuai. The numbers are even greater in older age groups, with voting levels not falling below 95%, compared with a high of 53% for the corresponding US populace. Jumlahnya bahkan lebih besar dalam kelompok usia yang lebih tua, dengan tingkat suara tidak jatuh di bawah 95%, dibandingkan dengan tinggi 53% untuk rakyat AS yang sesuai.
· 58.9% report that they are "very happy" with life, compared with 27.6% for the general US population. 58,9% melaporkan bahwa mereka "sangat senang" dengan kehidupan, dibandingkan dengan 27,6% untuk populasi umum di AS. 73.2% find life "exciting", compared with 47.3%. [ 98 ] 73,2% menemukan kehidupan "menarik", dibandingkan dengan 47,3%. [98]