by Rollanda E. O'Connor , Joseph R. Jenkins , Norma Leicester , Timothy A. Slocum Stanovich (1991)
Called the "specification of the role of phonological processing in the earliest stages of reading acquisition . . . one of the more notable scientific success stories of the last decade" (p. 78). Phonological skills involve manipulations of the phonological constituents of spoken words in tasks such as blending, segmenting, and rhyming. Students who learn to read well can rhyme at approximately age 4 (Maclean, Bryant, & Bradley, 1988) and blend and segment orally presented words and sounds by the end of the 1st grade (Perfetti, Beck, Bell, & Hughes, 1987). But most poor readers, by the end of the 2nd grade, still cannot blend or segment words as well as normally reading younger children (Vellutino & Scanlon, 1987). These findings have excited much of the reading research community because they seem to identify specific competencies causally related to early reading success. A causal linkage would have implications not only for the scientific understanding of reading development but also for possible early educational intervention for students at risk of reading failure.